Appendix I: Diseases and Environmental Toxins Suspected to Cause Them

For a full version of this table including the studies cited, and sortable columns with disease categories, visit the Collaborative on Health and the Environment’s website.[465]  We thank the authors for their permission to reprint much of the table here.

Disease

Toxins - By Strength of Evidence

 

Strong

Good

Limited or Conflicting

Abnormal sperm (morphology, motility, and sperm count)

Chlordecone, Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), Excessive heat, Ethylene dibromide (EDB), Ionizing radiation, Lead, ethylene glycol ethers/acetates

DES/Estrogens, PCBs; Pesticides (alachlor, atrazine, 2,4-D, benomyl, diazinon, gossypol), 2-bromopropane, carbon disulfide

Aluminum, Alkylphenols, Butadiene, Boron, Cadmium, Chromium, Dinitrotoluene, Dioxins/ TCDD, Ethanol, 2-Ethoxyethanol, Ethylene oxide, Microwave radiation, Pesticides (carbaryl, DDT/DDE, dinoseb, fenchlorphos, mirex, molinate), Phthalates (BBzP, DBP), Organic solvents [acetone, styrene, toluenediamine, toluene, tetrachloro-ethylene (PCE)]; Tobacco smoke, TNT

Acute hepatocellular injury (Hepatitis)

Ethanol, Halothane, Ionizing radiation; Solvents: carbon tetrachloride, carbon tetrabromide, chloroform, dimethylformamide, tetrachloroethane, trichloroethylene (TCE); TNT
Plant toxins?  Aflatoxins, mushroom toxins,

Bromobenzene, Chlorinated naphthalenes, Hexachlorobenzene, 2-Nitropropane, Paraquat, PCBs, Phosphorous (yellow), Phosphine, TCDD, Trichloroethane

Antimony, Chromic acid, Dichloroacetylene, Dichlorohydrin, Manganese carbonyls;  Pesticides: organochlorines (chlordecone); 2,4-D); Sulfuryl fluoride, Styrene, Toluene, Xylene

Acute tubular necrosis

Cadmium, Carbon tetrachloride (halogenated hydrocarbons), Mercury, Methanol, Phosphorus

Chromium, Dioxane, Ethylene glycols, Ethylene glycol ethers, Ionizing radiation, Paraquat, Pentachlorophenol (PCP), Petroleum distillates, Toluene, Vanadium
 

Arsenic, Arsine, Bromobenzene, Carbolic acid, Copper, Dinitrophenols, Dinitro-o-Cresols, Ethylene chlorohydrin, Glycerol, Manganese carbonyls, Organophosphates, Potassium bromate, Solvents (chloroform,  1,2-dichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), tetrafluoroethylene, trichloroethylene (TCE)), Sulfuryl fluoride, Uranium, Vinylidene chloride

ADD/ADHD, hyperactivity

Ethanol, PCBs, lead, tobacco smoke

Manganese, organic solvents

Cadmium, G184Pesticides, (DDT), organophosphates (chlorpyrifos and diazinon), and pyrethoids (bioallethrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin);  Trichloroethylene (TCE), Trimethyltin

Adrenal cancer

 

 

Acrylamide^, Methyl isocyanate

Adult-onset Leukemias

Benzene+, Ethylene oxide+, Ionizing radiation+

Arsenic, Aromatic amines, 1,3-Butadiene#, Carbon disulfide, Dioxins/TCDD, Chlorinated solvents [carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane]; Pesticides (Alachlor, DDT, Phenoxyacetic herbicides); Tobacco smoke

Asbestos, Electromagnetic fields, Chromium, PAHs; Pesticides: atrazine, carbamates, captan, organochlorines (chlordane, dieldrin,  hexachloro-cyclohexanes^), organophosphates (crotoxyphos, dichlorvos), and pyrethins; Styrene, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)^, Trichloroethylene (TCE)

Alopecia

 

Arsenic, Boron, Gold, Thallium

Selenium

ALS
(Lou Gehrig's disease)

 

 

Aluminum, Lead, Pesticides

Altered sex ratio

 

Boron, Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), Dioxin/TCDD, Fungicides, Methylmercury

Organochlorines, PCBs

Altered time to sexual maturation
(accelerated or delayed puberty)

Estrogens

Lead

Bisphenol A, Dioxins/TCDD, Organochlorine pesticides (chlordecone, DDT/DDE), PBBs, PCBs

Alzheimer's

 

 

Iron, Lead, Pesticides, Tellurium, Aluminum

Anemia - hemolytic

Arsine, Lead

Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper,  Mercury, Naphthalene, Stibene, Trimellitic anhydride

Antimony

Angiosarcoma (hepatic)

Arsenic+, Vinyl chloride+

Anabolic steroids, Copper, Thorium dioxide (Thorostat)

Chlordimeform, Methylhydrazine, Nitrosamines, Urethane

Aplastic anemia

Benzene, Ionizing radiation

Arsenic (organic), Ethylene glycol, Gold, Mercury, Organic solvents (carbon tetrachloride, hydrocarbon volatiles, and kerosene), Pentachlorophenol (PCP), TNT

Bismuth, Dinitrophenol; Pesticides including:  organochlorines (chlordane, DDT, lindane); organophosphates (parathion), Potassium perchlorate 

Arrhythmias

Carbon monoxide, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Pesticides: carbamates and organophosphates, Cyanide, Dihalomethanes, Methylene chloride, Organic nitrates

Antimony, Arsenic, Arsine gas, Ethyl bromide, Isopropyl chloride, Lead, Methyl bromide; Organic solvents (including acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, chloroform, dichloroethylene, ethyl chloride, ketones, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethane, trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene and xylene)

Barium, Cadmium, Cobalt, Lanthanum, Manganese, Nickel, Phosphorous

Asbestosis

Asbestos

 

 

Asthma - allergic

Acid anhydrides, Acrylates and methacrylates, Amines (ethanolamines, ethylenediamine, paraphenylenediamine), Animal antigens, Captafol, Chlorothalonil, Colophony, Enzymes (amylase, papain, subtilase, egg lysosyme, pepsin, trypsin), Epoxy resins, Fungal antigens, Insect antigens, Isocyanates, Latex, Metal fumes and salts (chromium, cobalt, nickel, platinum, tungsten carbide, vanadium, zinc carbide), Plant pollens, Plastic fumes and dusts (PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene), Organic dusts (wood, grain, beans and fibers)

Aldehydes (acetaldehyde, acrolein, Diesel engine exhaust, Ozone, formaldehyde and propionaldehyde), Aluminum, Coal dust, Diazonium salts, Ethylene oxide, Hexachlorophene, Persulfate salts, Phenol, Pyrethins/Pyrethoids, Reactive dyes, Sulfathiozole, Tannic acid

Aziridine, Azocicarbonamide, Senna, Styrene

Asthma - irritant

Acids, Ammonia, Chlorine, Cotton dusts, Diesel engine exhaust, Hydrogen sulfide, Nitrogen dioxide, Ozone, Sulfur dioxide

Chloramine, Hydrazine, Oil fly ash, Organophosphate and n-methyl carbamate pesticides, Osmium tetraoxide, Particulate matter, Phosgene, Tobacco Smoke

Benzene, Caprolactam, Chloroform, Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), Dimethyl sulfate, Fragrances, Phthalates (dibutyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate), Tetrachloroisophthalonitrile, Toluene

Autoimmune antibodies, positive ANA

Silica

Asbestos, Mercury, Solvents (including benzene, carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene)

Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Gold, Lithium, Pesticides: (carbamate; chlorpyrifos; organochlorines (chlordane/heptachlor, hexachloro-benzene); phenoxyacetic acids; and pyrethoids), Pentachlorophenol (PCP), Silicone/Parafin breast implants, UV light, Vinyl chloride

Behavioral problems

Ethanol, Cocaine, Lead, Mercury, PCBs

Nicotine

Pesticides (organophosphates)

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

 

 

Bisphenol A, Estrogens/DES

Berylliosis

Beryllium

 

 

Black Lung Disease

Coal dust

 

 

Bladder - neurogenic

 

B-Dimethylaminopropionitrile (DMAPN)

 

Bladder cancer

Aromatic amines (4-Aminobiphenyl+, Auramine, B-Naphthalamine+, Benzidine+, MOCA), Benzidine-derived dyes, Chlordimeform (and its metabolite 4-COT), Coal tar+,  Nitrobiphenyl, Tobacco smoke, trihalomethanes (disinfection byproducts)

Arsenic, Benzo(a)pyrene (PAH's)#, Chlornaphazine, Chlorphenol, Ionizing radiation, Methylene dianiline, Organic solvents, o-Toluidines

Antimony, Asbestos, Chromium, Dichloropropene, Lead, Nitrosamines, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE), Pesticides (organochlorines), Saccharin, TCDD

Bone cancer/Ewings sarcoma

Radium+

Pesticides

Benzenes, Beryllium, PAHs, PCBs, Vinyl chloride

Brain cancer - adult

Ionizing radiation

Chromium, Methylene chloride

Acrylonitrile, Cadmium, Electromagnetic fields, Ethylene oxide, Iron, Lead, , Oil mists, Organic mercurials; Organic solvents: benzene, carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene, and xylene; Pentachlorophenol (PCP), Pesticides (including atrazine, 2,4-D, and hexachlorobenzene), Radiofrequency fields, Vinyl chloride

Brain cancer - childhood

Ionizing radiation

Organic solvents, Pesticides (DDVP, Lindane)

Aromatic amines, Chlorophenates, Dyes, Electromagnetic fields, N-Nitrosoamines, Pesticides: Carbaryl, Diazinon, and Phenoxyacetic herbicides

Breast cancer

Estrogens/DES, Ethanol, Ionizing radiation

Aromatic amines (B-naphthylamine and benzidine), Ethylene oxide, PAHs, Tobacco smoke

Acrylamide^, 1,3-butadiene, Dioxins/TCDD, Electromagnetic fields, Hydrazine^; Organic solvents (Benzene,1,2-dibromoethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE) and 1,2,3-trichloropropane); Organochlorine pesticides (DDT/DDE, chlordane, benzene hexachloride, dieldrin, mirex and aldrin); PCBs, Phenoxyacetic herbicides, PhIP, Styrene, Triazine herbicides, Vinyl chloride

Bronchiolitis obliterans

Diacetyl, nitrogen oxides

Acramin-FWN

Nitrogen oxides

Bronchitis - acute

Ammonia, Chlorine, Chromium@, Hydrochloric acid, Mercury vapor

Beryllium, Manganese, Ozone, Tellurium

Pesticides - organochlorines and organophosphates, Vanadium

Bronchitis - chronic

Ammonia, Aluminum, Coal dust, Cotton dust, Isocyanates, Metals (antimony, iron oxides, vanadium, osmium), Oil mist, Organic dusts (cotton, grain and wood dusts), Particulate matter, Portland cement, Silica, Smoke (tobacco smoke, fire smoke and engine exhaust), Sulfur dioxide

Grain dust, Organic solvents, PCBs, Phosgene, Welding fumes

Pesticides

Brown lung disease (byssinosis)

Cotton, Flax, Hemp, Jute, and Sisal dust

 

 

Carcinoid

 

 

Lead, Organic solvents

Cardiac congenital malformations

Ethanol

Anesthetic gases, Organic solvents [trichloroethylene (TCE)], Tobacco smoke

Benzene, 1,2-Dichloroethane, Ethylene glycol ethers, Mineral oils; Pesticides (atrazine, organophosphates), Trihalomethanes

Cardiomyopathy

Carbon monoxide, Cobalt

Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead

Beryllium

Cataracts

 

Ethylene oxide, Infrared radiation, Ionizing radiation, Microwaves, Naphthalene

Chlorophenols, Dioxin, Phosphine

Cerebral palsy

Methyl mercury

 

 

Cervical cancer

DES, Tobacco smoke

Organic solvents

Pesticides, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE). Trichloroethylene (TCE)

Childhood Leukemias

Benzene+, Ionizing radiation+

Pesticides, Metal dusts; Chlorinated solvents: carbon tetrachloride, and trichloroethylene (TCE)

Electromagnetic fields, Hazardous air pollutants/Vehicle exhaust, Insecticides (chlordane, dichlorvos, propoxur), Radon

Chloracne

Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons including: PBBs, PCBs; Phenoxyacetic herbicides (2,4 -D; 2,4,5-T; diuron, linuron), Organochlorine pesticides (DDT), Polyhalogenated naphthalenes, PCDFs, TCDD

Pentachlorophenol (PCP)

 

Choanal atresia

 

 

Trichloroethylene (TCE)

Cholangiocarcinoma

 

Thorium dioxide (Thorostat)

 

Cholestasis

Estrogens, Manganese

Ethylene diamine, Methylene dianiline, Vinylidene chloride

Paraquat

Chronic renal disease

Beryllium, Lead, Cadmium

1,4-dichlorobenzene, Chromium, Copper, Mercury, Silica, Organotins, Paraquat

Organic solvents, Phosphine, Silver, Uranium

Cirrhosis

Aflatoxins, Ethanol, Carbon tetrachloride, Chloronaphthalenes, PCBs, Tetrachloroethane, TNT

Arsenic, Halothane, Organic solvents, Trichloroethylene (TCE)

Formaldehyde, Hydrazines, Pesticides, Selenium, Trichloroethane

Cognitive impairment (includes impaired learning, impaired memory, and decreased attention span)

Carbon disulfide, Cocaine, Ethanol, Lead, Methyl mercury, Tobacco smoke/nicotine

Carbon monoxide, Nitrates, PCBs; Pesticides (carbamates, methyl bromide, organochlorines, organophosphates); Pentachlorophenol (PCP), Toluene

Aluminum, Arsenic, Cadmium, Dichloropropene, Dieldrin, Dioxins, Manganese, PBDEs; Organic solvents (tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), stryrene, and xylene); Sulfuryl fluoride

Color vision disturbance

 

Carbon disulfide, Organic solvents

Ethyl acetate, Ethanol, Ketones, Organophosphate pesticides, Styrene, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE), Toluene

Colo-rectal cancer

 

Acrylonitrile#, Alachlor, Aromatic amines, Ionizing radiation, Organic solvents, trihalomethanes (disinfection byproducts)

Asbestos, Chlorophenols, Nitrosamines, Organochlorine pesticides (aldrin/dieldrin, DDT/DDE), Phenoxyacetic herbicides (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T), PAHs, PhIP, TCDD, Toluene, Xylene

Congenital malformation - Cranio- Facial

Ethanol, toluene

Ionizing radiation, Methyl mercury, Organic solvents (Ethylene glycol ethers), PCBs

Cadmium, Carbon disulfide, Cyanazine, Lead, Methylazoxymethanol acetate, Organophosphate pesticides, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)

Congenital malformations - general

Ethanol, Ionizing radiation

Arsenic, Carbon monoxide, Ethylene glycol ethers, Mercury, Organic solvents, Tobacco smoke

Bisphenol A, Carbon disulfide, Chromates, Pesticides

Contact dermatitis - Allergic

Antiseptics, Aromatic amines, Cement, Colophony, Cutting oils, Dyes, Formaldehyde, Fragrances, Glues and bonding agents, Isothiazolins, Lanolins, Latex, Metals, Pesticides, Potassium dichromate, Preservatives, Rubber products, Rhus antigens

 

 

Contact dermatitis - Irritant

Aminotriazole, Abrasive dusts, Chromic acid, Cement, Coal tars, Detergents/Soaps, Ethylene oxide, Metal salts, Mild acids/alkalis, Pesticides, Solvents

 

 

COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Coal dust, Cotton dust, Tobacco smoke, Vanadium, Wood dust

Antimony, Cadmium, Chromium, Particulate air pollution, ozone, Silica, Sodium hydroxide

Ammonia and Chlorine gas, Manganese, Nickel carbonyl, Nitrogen dioxide

Coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, atherosclerosis

Arsenic, Carbon disulfide, Lead, Tobacco smoke

Carbon monoxide, Dinitrotoluene, Trinitrotoluene, Dioxins/TCDD, Particulate air pollution

Aluminum, Mercury, Organic nitrates, PAHs, Allylamine, B-Aminopropionitrile

Decreased Coordination/
Dysequilibrium

Acrylamine monomer, Carbon disulfide, Lead, Methyl mercury

Aluminum, Manganese, Methyl bromide, Organic solvents, Organochlorines (chlordecone) and organophosphate pesticides,  Trichloroethylene (TCE)

Styrene, Toluene

Decreased I.Q../Mental retardation

Ethanol, Lead, Methylmercury, Nicotine, PCBs

 

Cadmium, Fluoride, Organic solvents

Decreased vision
(includes blindness, retinopathy, optic neuropathy)

Methanol

Carbon disulfide, Carbon monoxide, Copper, Methyl bromide, Methyl mercury, n-Hexane

Carbamates (carbofuran), Methylenedianiline, Organophosphates, Osmium tetraoxide

Delayed growth

Ethanol

Lead, Methyl mercury, PCBs, Toluene

Manganese, Pentachlorophenol (PCP), Xylene

Dementia

 

Aluminum, Carbon monoxide

 

Dermatomyositis

 

 

Silica, UV light

Developmental Delay

Ethanol, Lead, Methyl mercury, Nicotine/Tobacco smoke, PCBs

Organic solvents (toluene)

Organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, diazinon), PBDEs

Diabetes - Type I

 

 N-3-pyridylmethyl-N'-p-nitrophenyl urea (Vacor)

Cow's milk proteins, Gluten, Nitrates, Nitrites, Nitrosamines, PCBs

Diabetes - Type II

Arsenic

TCDD

DDT/DDE, Iron

Dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia

 

Carbon disulfide, Dioxins/TCDD, PCBs

 

Early onset menopause

 

Tobacco smoke

Organophosphate pesticides, PAHs

Endometriosis

 

 

Chlorodiphenyl ether, Dioxins/TCDD, Ionizing radiation, Methoxychlor, PCBs

Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome

 

 

3-(Phenylamino)alanine.

Erectile dysfunction

 

Carbon disulfide, B-Dimethylaminopropionitrile (DMAPN)

Lead, Manganese, Mercury (inorganic), Vinyl chloride, TNT

Erythema mulitforme

 

 

Organophosphates

Esophageal cancer

Ethanol, Tobacco smoke

Nitrosamines; Organic solvents [Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)#]; PAHs, Silica

Chromium, Pesticides

Fetal solvent syndrome/ Fetal Ethanol Syndrome

Ethanol, Toluene

Organic solvents

Gasoline

Fetotoxicity (Miscarriage/spontaneous abortion; stillbirth)

Anesthetic gases, Ethanol, Ethylene glycol ethers, Ionizing radiation, Nicotine/Tobacco smoke, Trihalomethanes (disinfection byproducts)

Arsenic, Carbon monoxide, DES, Ethylene oxide, Lead, Methyl isocyanate, Mercury; Organic solvents [methylene chloride,  trichloroethane, trichloroethylene (TCE), toluenes, xylenes, Carbon disulfide, Chloroform, Formaldehyde, N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)]; Pesticides (dibromochloro-propane (DBCP),  fungicides (dithiocarbamates), organochlorines (DDT/DDE), paraquat, triazines)

Antimony, Chromates, Dioxins/TCDD, Electromagnetic fields, Hydrogen sulfide, Manganese, Nickel, PBDEs, Pentachlorophenol; Pesticides (organic arsenicals, chlordecone, cyanazine, glyphosate, hexachlorobenzene, metam-sodium, phenoxyacetic herbicides, thiocarbamates); TCDD, Vanadium

Flock workers disease

 

Nylon fibers

 

Gallbladder cancer

 

Thorium dioxide (Thorostat)

Organochlorine pesticides (benzene hexachloride, DDT)

Genito-urinary malformations (includes cryptorchidism, hypospadias)

 

DES

Arsenic, Cadmium, Estrogens/DES, Pesticides (atrazine, chlordecone, vinclozolin), Phthalates (BBzP, DBP, DEHP); Solvents (ethylene glycol ethers, trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene); TCDD

Glomerulonephritis

 

Fluoride, Gold, Lead, Mercury, Organic solvents, Silica

Carbon disulfide, Hard metal, Paraquat

Gout

Lead

 

 

Granulomatous disease (liver)

 

Beryllium, Copper

Cement dust, Mica, Silica

Gulf War Syndrome

 

 

Organophosphate pesticides, diethyl-m-toluamine (DEET), pyridostigmine bromide

Hard metal disease

Cobalt

 

 

Hashimoto's (Autoimmune) thyroiditis

 

DES, Iodine

Silicone/Parafin breast implants

Hearing loss

Carbon disulfide, Mercury, Noise

Lead, Organic solvents, Organotin

PBDEs, PCBs, Styrene

Hepatocellular cancer (Liver cancer)

Aflatoxin B1+,  Androgens, Ethanol, Hydrocarbons

Arsenical pesticides, Dimethylnitrosamine, PCBs#, Thorium dioxide (Thorostat), Trichloroethylene (TCE)#, Vinyl chloride

Arsenic, Benzene, p-Dichlorobenzene^,  Dichloropropene, 1,4-Dioxane^, Hydrazine^, Nitrosamines, PBBs^; Pesticides: chlordimeform, dibromochloropropane (DBCP), ETU, herbicides (acifluorfen, amitrole, furmecyclox,  lactofen), Organochlorines (aldrin, chlordane, DDT/DDE, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorocyclohexanes^, toxaphene), Nitrofen, Oxadiazon, and Phenoxyacetic herbicides; Solvents: carbon tetrachloride^, chloroform^, formalin, methylene chloride^, and tetrachloroethylene (PCE)^; TCDD^,

Hepatoma

Estrogens

 

Hexachlorobenzene, Mirex, MTBE?

Hepatoportal Sclerosis

 

Arsenic, Thorium dioxide (Thorostat), Vinyl chloride

 

Hodgkin's Disease
(lymphoma)

 

Chlorophenols, Phenoxyacetic acid herbicides, TCDD/Dioxins

Creosote, Ethylene oxide, Organic solvents, Pesticides: organochlorines (aldrin, DDT, lindane), Trichloroethylene (TCE)

Hormonal changes
(levels of circulating sex hormones - FSH/LH, Inhibin, and/or estrogens, progesterones, and androgens)

Ethanol

2-Bromopropane, Lead; Pesticides: dibromochloropropane (DBCP), organophosphates (ethyl parathion, methamidophos), fungicides (vinclozolin); TCDD/dioxins

Atrazine, Bisphenol A, DDT,  Manganese, Mercury, PBBs/PCBs, Phthalates, Styrene (females), Tobacco smoke, Toluene (males)

Hyperkeratosis/Hyperpigmentation

Arsenic

 

PCBs

Hypertension

Carbon disulfide,  Lead

Arsenic, Carbon monoxide

Cadmium, Phenoxyacetic herbicides, DDT, Methyl mercury, PCBs, TCDD, Vinyl chloride

Hypoactivity

 

 

Cadmium,  PCBs, Styrene

Immune suppression

Ionizing radiation, TCDD, UV light

Asbestos, Benzo(a)pyrene (PAHs), Lead, Mercury, Methyl isocyanate, Nickel, Nitrogen dioxide, PBBs, PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs; Pesticides: organophosphates (chlorpyrifos); organochlorines (chlordane); carbamates (aldicarb); Phosgene, Pentachlorophenol (PCP)

Arsenic, Benzene, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Estrogens/DES, Diesel exhaust, Nitrosamines, Ozone; Pesticides: hexachlorobenzene, organotins (tributyl tin oxide, triphenyl tin oxide), phenoxyacetic herbicides (2,4-D); Platinum, Silica; Solvents [carbon tetrachloride, dichloroethane, ethylene glycol ethers, formaldehyde, toluenes, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene (TCE)]; Sulfur dioxide, Titanium dioxide, Urethane, Vinyl chloride

Itai-itai disease

Cadmium

 

 

Laryngeal cancer

Ethanol, PAHs, Sulfuric acid+, Tobacco smoke

Diethyl sulfate#,  Leather dust, Mustard gas, Nickel, Wood dust

Acetaldehyde^, Asbestos, Formaldehyde, Pesticides, Petroleum products, Vinyl chloride

Leukoderma (hypopigmentation)

Catechols, Creosols, Hydroquinone, Alkyl phenols

Ethylene oxide

Carbamate pesticide - Carbyne (Barban)

Low birth weight/Small for Gestational Age

Cocaine, Ethanol, Tobacco smoke/Nicotine, Particulate air pollution

Arsenic, Carbon monoxide, DES, Lead, Mercury, Nicotine, Noise, Organic solvents (toluene), PCBs, Pentachlorophenol, Pesticides (atrazine, cyanazine, DDT/DDE, lindane, metolachlor)

Carbon tetrachloride, Ethylene oxide, N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), Perfluorinated acid, Phenoxy acetic herbicides (2,4,5-T), TCDD, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE), Trichloroethylene (TCE), Trihalomethanes

Lung cancer

Aluminum, Arsenic+ (including arsenical pesticides); Asbestos+, Attapulgite, Benzo(a)pyrene (PAH's)#, Beryllium+, Cadmium+, Chloromethyl ethers+, Chromium+@, Coal tars+, Diesel engine exhaust, Ionizing radiation, Mineral oils+, Mustard gas+, Nickel+, Radon+, Silica+, Soots+, Tobacco smoke, Uranium

Acid aerosols, Acrylonitrile#, Aromatic amines, Chlorophenols, Coal dust, Copper, Dimethyl sulfate#, Formaldehyde, Solvents, Nitrosamines (NNK); PAHs (Benz(a)anthracene#, Benzo(a)pyrene#, Dibenz(a,h) anthracene#)

Antimony trioxide^, Benzene, Bromoform, Ceramic fibers^, Cobalt^, Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)^, Dichloropropene, Fluoride, Glasswool^, Hydrazine^, Hydrogen chloride`, Lead^ (inorganic), Methylene chloride^, Nitrobenzene, Nitrosomorpholine, Organochlorine pesticides (chlordane, DDT^), Paraquat, Phenoxyacetic herbicides, Rockwool^, Slagwool^, Styrene^, Talc, TCDD^, Tetrachloro-ethylene (PCE), Trichloroethylene (TCE), Urethane, Vinyl chloride

Lymphoma - non-Hodgkin's

Dioxins (TCDD+)

Aromatic amines, Benzene, 1,3 Butadiene#, Chlorophenols, Creosote, Ionizing radiation; Organic solvents: carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene (TCE)#, tetrachloroethylene (PCE)#; PCBs, Pesticides: Carbamates (Carbaryl), Dicamba, Fungicides (Captan), Organophosphates (dichlorovos, malathion), DDT^, Phenoxyacetic acid herbicides (2,4-D, MCPA, mecoprop)

Asbestos, MTBE; Pesticides: alachlor, atrazine, glyphosate, organochlorine pesticides (aldrin/dieldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, lindane, toxaphene); UV radiation, Vehicle exhaust

Macular degeneration

 

 

UV light, radiation

Melanoma

UV radiation

 

Asbestos, Carbon tetrachloride, Formaldehyde, PAHs, Pesticides

Menstrual disorders

Ionizing radiation

Benzene, 2-Bromopropane, Ethanol,  Dioxins/TCDD, Inorganic mercury; Organic solvents: carbon disulfide, formaldehyde, tetrachloro-ethylene (PCE), toluene, and xylene; PCBs; Pesticides: organochlorines (DDT, lindane, chlordecone, toxaphene), hexachlorobenzene; and organophosphates

Antimony, Bisphenol A, Boron, Cadmium, DDT, Mercury, Petrol, Styrene, Thallium, TNT

Mesothelioma

Asbestos+, Erionite

Ionizing radiation, Zeolite

Beryllium, Ceramic fibers, Ethylene oxide, Nickel, Silica, Talc

Metal fume fever

Magnesium, Zinc oxide

Copper

Arsenic, Boron, Cadmium, Manganese, Nickel, Tin, Titanium

Methemoglobinemia

Aniline dyes, Chlorate salts, Naphthalene, Nitrates/Nitrites

Nitrobenzenes, Nitroethane, Nitrotoluenes, Paradichlorobenzene, Toluidine, TNT

Chromates

Minamata disease

Methylmercury

 

 

Multiple Chemical Sensitivity

pesticides, solvents, cleaning agents, fragrances, vehicle exhaust

 

 

Multiple myeloma

Benzene, Ionizing radiation

Chlorinated dioxins/TCDD; Pesticides (arsenical pesticides, phenoxyacetic herbicides)

Asbestos, DDT, Fungicides, Heavy metals, Organic solvents [trichloroethane, trichloroethylene (TCE)], Petroleum products

Multiple Sclerosis

 

 

Silicones, Solvents

Multiple sclerosis

 

 

Ionizing radiation, Organic solvents, Pesticides (chlordane, organophosphates)

Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)

 

Organophosphate pesticides

Metals, Oils/Petrochemicals, Organic solvents, Pesticides (glyphosate)

Myelodysplastic syndrome

Benzene, Ionizing radiation

Alcohol, Organic solvents, Pesticides, Tobacco smoke, Vehicle/diesel exhaust

Ammonia, Arsenic, Dusts (Asbestos, Silica, Formica), Electromagnetic fields, Metals (Copper, Nickel, Steel, Tin)

Myocardial ischemia

Carbon disulfide, Carbon monoxide, Cyanide, Dihalomethanes, Methylene chloride, Organic nitrates, particulate air pollution

Arsenic

Mercury, Nickel, Phosphine

Nasal polyps

Chromium, Wood dusts

 

 

Nasal septal perforation

Chromium

Arsenic, Beryllium, Copper, Nickel

Antimony

Nasopharyngeal/Sino-Nasal cancer

Chromium, Formaldehyde#, Tobacco Smoke, Leather dust, Nickel+, Wood dust

Diisopropyl sulfate, Isopropyl oils, PAHs

Acetaldehyde^, Benzene, Chlorophenols, Dioxane^, Hexamethyl-phosphoramide, Hydrazine^, Mustard gas, Nitrosamines, Pentachlorophenol (PCP); Pesticides: Alachlor, Organochlorines (Acetochlor); Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)^; Ethylene dibromide (EDB), Phenoxyacetic herbicides (2,4,5-T, MCPA); Propylene oxide, Radium

Nephrotic syndrome

 

Cadmium, Gold, Lead

Mercury; Organic solvents: carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde, and trichloroethylene (TCE)

Neural tube defects/CNS malformations

 

Arsenic, Trihalomethanes

Benzene, Cadmium, Copper, Chlorophenates, Hydrogen cyanide, Manganese; Pesticides (Agent Orange (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T), benomyl, chlordecone); Solvents [chloroform, ethylene glycol ethers, trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene]; Vinyl chloride, Vinylidene chloride

Neurosthenia (Organic affective syndrome)

 

Organic solvents

Acrylamide, Arsenic, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, n-Hexanes, Methyl chloride, Toluene

Olfactory alterations (hyposmia, anosmia, dysomias)

Acids, Ammonia, Hydrocarbons, Metals, Organic solvents

 

 

Oral cancer

Tobacco

Ethanol, Nitrosamines (NNN and NNK)

PAHs

Oral clefts
(cleft lip and palate)

 

Alcohol, Tobacco smoke

Cadmium; Pesticides (Agent Orange (2,4-D; 2,4,5-T), Dinoseb); Solvents [carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloro-ethylene, ethylene glycol ethers, trichloroethylene (TCE)]; TCDD/Dioxins, Trihalomethanes

Osteomalacia

 

Cadmium+F126+F14

 

Osteoporosis

Cadmium

 

Lead

Osteosclerosis

Hydrofluoric acid

Fluoride

 

ovarian atrophy

 

 

butadiene

Ovarian cancer

 

Ionizing radiation

Aromatic amines (dyes), Asbestos, Diesel exhaust, Organic solvents, Pesticides (Triazene herbicides), Talc

Pancreatic cancer

Tobacco smoke

DDT/DDE, Ethylan, Fungicides, Herbicides, Ionizing radiation, Nitrophenol, Organic solvents, PAHs, PCBs, Pentachlorophenol

Acrylonitrile, Cadmium, Chlorohydrin, Chromium, Ethylene oxide, Nitrosamines (NNK), Nitrofen, Silica; Solvents: carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde, methylene chloride, styrene, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE); Vinyl chloride

Pancreatitis

Ethanol

Ethylene glycol, Methanol, Organophosphates

Carbon tetrachloride, Cobalt, Diesel exhaust fumes, Pentachlorophenol (PCP), Trichloroethylene (TCE)

Parkinson's disease/Movement disorders

Manganese, MPTP

Carbon disulfide, Carbon monoxide, Pesticides (Paraquat)

Aluminum, Iron, PCBs; Pesticides: (Diquat, Glyphosate, Rotenone, Maneb, Mancozeb, Organochlorines (dieldrin), Organophosphates, Pyrethoids)

Peripheral neuropathy

Acrylamide monomer, Arsenic, Carbon disulfide, Hexacarbons (n-Hexane, methyl n-butyl ketone), Lead, Mercury, Organophosphate pesticides, Pyrethroids (fenvalerate), Thallium

Cyanide, B-Dimethylaminopropionitrile (DMAPN),  Ethylene oxide, Manganese, Nitrous oxide, PCBs, Pesticides: Organochlorines (chlordane, chlordecone, DDT), Phenoxyacetic herbicides (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T), Carbamates (aldicarb), Dithiocarbamates (maneb, zineb), Methyl bromide

Cadmium, Carbon monoxide, Dioxin, Manganese, Phosphine, Solvents (benzene, methylene chloride, styrene, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene, xylene), Tellurium, Triethyltin

Photosensitivity

 

Acridine, Aminobenzoic acid derivatives, Benoyml, Chromium@, Coal tars, Halogenated salicylanilides, PAH's, Pesticides, Stibenes

 

Pleural disease (effusions, plaques, thickening)

Asbestos, Ceramic fibers, Talc

Mica

 

Pneumoconiosis

Aluminum oxide, Asbestos, Beryllium, Coal dust, Kaolin, Silica, Talc

Antimony dust, Bentonite, Graphite, Iron oxides, Metal alloys, Mica, Tin oxide

Attapulgite, Barium sulfate, Cement, Fluoride , PVC, Wollastonite

Pneumonia

 

Beryllium, Cadmium, Manganese dust, Mercury vapor, Nickel carbonyl, Nitrogen dioxide, Tellurium

Isocyanates, Pesticides, Trimellitic anhydride, Vanadium,  Zinc chloride

Pneumonitis - hypersensitivity

Beryllium, Isocyanates, Epoxy resin, Heavy metals, Organic dusts, Trimellitic anhydride

Aluminum, Arsenic, Chlorine, Manganese

 

Polymer Fume Fever

Teflon pyrolysis products - polyvinyl fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene

 

 

Porphyria - toxic

Ethanol, Hexachlorobenzene, PAHs, PCBs

Dioxins (TCDD), Halothane, Lead; Methyl chloride, Organic solvents (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, paints, paint fumes, formaldehyde); Pesticides: organochlorines (chlordane, DDT), organophosphates (diazinon) and phenoxy herbicides (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T); Vinyl chloride

Aluminum, Disinfectants (o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol and 2-benzyl-4,6-dichlorophenol)

Pre-eclampsia (pregnancy-induced hypertension)

 

Chloroform, Organic solvents

 

Pre-term delivery

Tobacco smoke

DDT/DDE, DES, Lead, Benzene

Carbon disulfide, Phenoxyacetic herbicides, Phthalates (DEHP/MEHP)

Prostate cancer

 

Acrylonitrile#, Aromatic amines, Cadmium, Organic solvents, PAHs

Androgens/Estrogens, Bisphenol A, Chlorophenols, Chromium, Nickel; Pesticides [dibromochloropropane (DBCP), DDT, methyl bromide, phenoxy acetic herbicides]; PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazol[4,5-b]pyridine), Trichloroethylene

Psychiatric disturbances

Carbon disulfide, Ethanol, Inorganic Mercury, Tetraethyl lead

Ethylene oxide, Lead, Manganese, Trichloroethylene (TCE); Pesticides [methyl bromide, DDT, dichloropropene, organophosphates (chlorpyrifos)]

Acrylamide, Organochlorine pesticides (chlordecone, dicofol, dieldrin, telodrin); Thallium

Pulmonary disease-anemia syndrome

Trimellitic anhydride (acid anhydride)

 

 

Pulmonary edema

Hydrogen sulfide, Paraquat/diquat, Phosgene

Ammonia, Beryllium, Ethylene oxide, Hydrogen fluoride, Nitrogen oxides, Mercury vapor, Organophosphates, Nickel, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE), Chloro-Phosphate compounds, Thioureas

Aluminum, Antimony, Boron, Cadmium, Formaldehyde, Ozone, Phosphine, Polytetrafluoroethylene, Selenium, Zinc chloride

Pulmonary fibrosis

Asbestos, Coal dust, Silica

Beryllium, Chromium, Nickel, Vinyl chloride

Aluminum, Cadmium, Copper, Fluoride, Gold, Mercury vapor, Ozone, Phosgene

Raynaud's phenomenon

Vibration, Vinyl chloride

Arsenic, Organic nitrates

Estrogens, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE), Trichloroethylene (TCE)

Reduced Fertility - Female (infertility and subfertility)

Ionizing radiation

Ethylene glycol ethers, Formaldehyde, Lead, Nitrous oxide, Organic solvents [tetrachloroethylene (PCE), toluene]; Tobacco smoke

Dioxins, Mercury; Organochlorine pesticides (chlordecone, DDT, hexachlorobenzene); PCBs, Pentachlorophenol, Styrene, Vanadium

Reduced Fertility - Male (infertility and subfertility)

Carbon disulfide, Estrogens, Ethylene glycol ethers, Heat, Ionizing radiation, Lead; chlordecone, dibromochloropropane (DBCP), ethylene dibromide (EDB)

Cadmium, Methylene chloride, Radar, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE), Welding fumes

Chromium, Ethylene oxide, Manganese, Mercury; Organic solvents (dinitrotoluene, epichlorohydrin, toluene diamine); PAHs (benzo(a)pyrene); Pesticides (carbaryl, 2,4-D, DDT/DDE, dinoseb, hexachlorobenzene, lindane)

Renal (kidney) cancer

Tobacco smoke

Arsenic, Asbestos, Benzene, Coal tar/soot/pitch/asphalt/creosote, Copper sulfate, PAHs, Pentachlorophenol, Pesticides, Trichloroethylene (TCE)

Benzidine, Cadmium, Chlorothalonil, Chromium, Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), p-Dichlorobenzene^, Gasoline^, Inorganic Lead^, Mineral/cutting/ lubricating Oils, MTBE?, Mustard gas, Nickel, Organic solvents (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform^, tetrachloroethylene), Potassium bromate, Vinyl chloride

Renal stones

Cadmium

Beryllium

 

Retinoblastoma

 

 

Pesticides

Rheumatoid arthritis

Silica

Tobacco smoke

Estrogens/DES, Pesticides, Solvents

Rhinitis - Allergic

a-amylase, Diisocyanates, Guar gum, Latex, Metal salts, Organic dusts, Trimellitic anhydride, Wood dusts

 

 

Rhinitis - irritant

Aldehydes, Ammonia, Chlorine, Diesel exhaust, Sulfur dioxide, VOCs

 

 

Salivary gland cancer

Ionizing radiation

 

 

Sarcoidosis

 

Silica

Aluminum, Barium, Beryllium, Cobalt, Copper, Gold, Titanium, Zirconium

Scleroderma

Silica

Solvents (including: aromatic mixes, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, paint thinners/removers, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene, and xylene); Vinyl chloride

Estrogens, Epoxy resin, Herbicide, Mercury, Metaphenylenediamine, Naphtha-n-hexane, Silicone breast implants, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)

Scrotal cancer

Coal tar+, Shale oils+, PAHs

Creosotes#,

 

Seizures

Carbon monoxide, Cyanide, Lead, Methylmercury

Aluminum, Halogenated hydrocarbons, Pesticides (methyl bromide, organochlorines, organophosphates, phosphine)

Beryllium, Boron, Hexachlorophene, Organotins, Solvents, Pyrethoids

Silicosis

Silica

 

 

Skeletal malformations

Ethanol

Arsenic

Ethylene glycol ethers, Ethylene oxide, Manganese, Nicotine, Pesticides (atrazine, bromoxynil, chlordecone)

Skin cancer (non-melanoma)

Arsenic+, Coal tar+, Ionizing radiation+, Mineral oils+, Shale oils+, UV radiation+

Aromatic amines, Creosotes#, Ethylene oxide, Mineral oils; PAHs: anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene#, dibenzanthracene, dimethyl benzanthracene, methychol-anthrene; Pesticides (arsenicals)

Acrylamide^, Vinyl chloride

Skin ulceration

Acids/Alkalis, Arsenic trioxide, Beryllium, Calcium arsenate, Calcium nitrate, Chromium, Lime, Tin, Zinc

 

 

Soft tissue sarcoma

Dioxins (TCDD+)

Chlorophenols^, DDT, Phenoxyacetic acid herbicides^ (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, MCPA)

Cadmium, Captofol, Chromium, Cobalt, Hexachlorobenzene, Iron, Nickel; Pesticides: amitrole, organochlorines (chlordane, lindane); Titanium

Spasticity/Myoclonus

 Methyl mercury

Aluminum, Carbon monoxide, Hexane; Pesticides (methyl bromide, organochlorines and organophosphates)

Bismuth

Steatosis (fatty liver)

Carbon tetrachloride, Chloroform, Ethanol, Phosphorus

Arsenic, Halothane, Hydrazine, Hydrocarbons; Organic solvents (chloroform, dimethylformamide, tetrachloroethane, trichloroethane, toluene); Styrene, TNT

 

Stomach cancer

 

Asbestos, Aromatic amines, Chromium, Coal dust, Dioxins/TCDD, Ethylene oxide, Ionizing radiation, Nickel, Nitrates, Organic solvents, Phenoxyacetic herbicides

Butadiene, Lead; Pesticides: amitrole, dibromochloropropane (DBCP)^, dichlorvos, and ethylene dibromide (EDB); Toluene, Xylene

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)

 

 

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Silica

Estrogens

Aromatic amines, DES, Hair dyes,  Silicones, Tobacco smoke, Trichloroethylene (TCE), UV light

Testicular atrophy

DES/Estrogens

 

Boron, Butadiene, Ethanol, 2-Ethoxyethanol, Ethylene glycol ethers; Pesticides [benomyl/carbendazim,  chlordecone, dibromochloropropane (DBCP), dinoseb, ethylene dibromide (EDB)]; Phthalates (BBzP, DBP, DEHP), Triphenyltin

Testicular cancer

 

DES/Estrogens, Pesticides

Cadmium, Chlorophenols, Dimethyl-formamide^, Electromagnetic fields, Ethylene glycol ethers, MTBE?; Pesticides: dibromochloropropane (DBCP), hexachlorobenzene, methyl bromide, organochlorines (chlordanes), organophosphates phenoxy herbicides (2,4-D, MCPA); PCBs, Trichloroethylene (TCE), Zinc

Thrombocytopenia

 

 Gold, Vinyl chloride

Pesticides (2,2 dichlorovinyl dimethylphosphate, DDT, dieldrin, pyrethin, lethane, and lindane), Polyurethane, Toluene diisocyanate, Turpentine

Thrombocytopenic purpura

 

 

Insecticides, Polyurethane; Wood preservatives (pentachlorophenol, tributyl tin oxide, lindane, permethrin); Solvents (turpentine)

Thyroid cancer

Ionizing radiation

Ethylene thiourea^ (ETU)

Acrylamide^, Chlorophenols, Nitrosamines, PBDEs; Pesticides: amitrole, ethylene bis-dithio-carbamate fungicides (EBDCs-maneb, mancozeb and zineb), hexachlorobenzene, phenoxyacetic herbicides; TCDD

Thyroid disorders - Hypothyroidism

Cobalt, Ionizing radiation, PBBs, PCBs, Radioactive iodine, Substituted phenols, Thiocyanate

Dioxins, Ethylene thiourea (ETU), Perchlorates, Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs)

Carbon disulfide, Fluoride, Lead, Mercury; Pesticides: carbamates, ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate (EBDCs - maneb, zineb), fungicides, hexachlorobenzene, organochlorine pesticides, organophosphate pesticides; Pentachlorophenol

Toxic oil syndrome

 

 

Oleyl-anilide

Trigeminal neuropathy

 

Dichloroacetylene

Trichloroethylene (TCE)

Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease

 

Solvents (including paint thinners/removers and mineral spirits)

 

Uterine cancer

 

 

Estrogens, Ethylene oxide, Pesticides (DDE, Dieldrin)

Vaginal cancer

DES

 

 

Vasculitis

 

Silica

Solvents, Pesticides, Welding fumes

Vinyl chloride disease, Acro-osteolysis

Vinyl chloride

 

 

Wilm's Tumor

 

 

Aromatic amines, Lead, Pesticides

 

 


Notes