For a full version of this table including the studies cited, and sortable columns with disease categories, visit the Collaborative on Health and the Environment’s website.[465] We thank the authors for their permission to reprint much of the table here.
Disease |
Toxins - By Strength of Evidence |
||
|
Strong |
Good |
Limited or Conflicting |
Abnormal sperm (morphology, motility, and sperm count) |
Chlordecone, Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), Excessive heat, Ethylene dibromide (EDB), Ionizing radiation, Lead, ethylene glycol ethers/acetates |
DES/Estrogens, PCBs; Pesticides (alachlor, atrazine, 2,4-D, benomyl, diazinon, gossypol), 2-bromopropane, carbon disulfide |
Aluminum, Alkylphenols, Butadiene, Boron, Cadmium, Chromium, Dinitrotoluene, Dioxins/ TCDD, Ethanol, 2-Ethoxyethanol, Ethylene oxide, Microwave radiation, Pesticides (carbaryl, DDT/DDE, dinoseb, fenchlorphos, mirex, molinate), Phthalates (BBzP, DBP), Organic solvents [acetone, styrene, toluenediamine, toluene, tetrachloro-ethylene (PCE)]; Tobacco smoke, TNT |
Acute hepatocellular injury (Hepatitis) |
Ethanol,
Halothane, Ionizing radiation; Solvents: carbon tetrachloride, carbon
tetrabromide, chloroform, dimethylformamide, tetrachloroethane,
trichloroethylene (TCE); TNT |
Bromobenzene, Chlorinated naphthalenes, Hexachlorobenzene, 2-Nitropropane, Paraquat, PCBs, Phosphorous (yellow), Phosphine, TCDD, Trichloroethane |
Antimony, Chromic acid, Dichloroacetylene, Dichlorohydrin, Manganese carbonyls; Pesticides: organochlorines (chlordecone); 2,4-D); Sulfuryl fluoride, Styrene, Toluene, Xylene |
Acute tubular necrosis |
Cadmium, Carbon tetrachloride (halogenated hydrocarbons), Mercury, Methanol, Phosphorus |
Chromium,
Dioxane, Ethylene glycols, Ethylene glycol ethers, Ionizing radiation,
Paraquat, Pentachlorophenol (PCP), Petroleum distillates, Toluene, Vanadium |
Arsenic, Arsine, Bromobenzene, Carbolic acid, Copper, Dinitrophenols, Dinitro-o-Cresols, Ethylene chlorohydrin, Glycerol, Manganese carbonyls, Organophosphates, Potassium bromate, Solvents (chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), tetrafluoroethylene, trichloroethylene (TCE)), Sulfuryl fluoride, Uranium, Vinylidene chloride |
ADD/ADHD, hyperactivity |
Ethanol, PCBs, lead, tobacco smoke |
Manganese, organic solvents |
Cadmium, G184Pesticides, (DDT), organophosphates (chlorpyrifos and diazinon), and pyrethoids (bioallethrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin); Trichloroethylene (TCE), Trimethyltin |
Adrenal cancer |
|
|
Acrylamide^, Methyl isocyanate |
Adult-onset Leukemias |
Benzene+, Ethylene oxide+, Ionizing radiation+ |
Arsenic, Aromatic amines, 1,3-Butadiene#, Carbon disulfide, Dioxins/TCDD, Chlorinated solvents [carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane]; Pesticides (Alachlor, DDT, Phenoxyacetic herbicides); Tobacco smoke |
Asbestos, Electromagnetic fields, Chromium, PAHs; Pesticides: atrazine, carbamates, captan, organochlorines (chlordane, dieldrin, hexachloro-cyclohexanes^), organophosphates (crotoxyphos, dichlorvos), and pyrethins; Styrene, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)^, Trichloroethylene (TCE) |
Alopecia |
|
Arsenic, Boron, Gold, Thallium |
Selenium |
ALS
|
|
|
Aluminum, Lead, Pesticides |
Altered sex ratio |
|
Boron, Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), Dioxin/TCDD, Fungicides, Methylmercury |
Organochlorines, PCBs |
Altered
time to sexual maturation |
Estrogens |
Lead |
Bisphenol A, Dioxins/TCDD, Organochlorine pesticides (chlordecone, DDT/DDE), PBBs, PCBs |
Alzheimer's |
|
|
Iron, Lead, Pesticides, Tellurium, Aluminum |
Anemia - hemolytic |
Arsine, Lead |
Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Mercury, Naphthalene, Stibene, Trimellitic anhydride |
Antimony |
Angiosarcoma (hepatic) |
Arsenic+, Vinyl chloride+ |
Anabolic steroids, Copper, Thorium dioxide (Thorostat) |
Chlordimeform, Methylhydrazine, Nitrosamines, Urethane |
Aplastic anemia |
Benzene, Ionizing radiation |
Arsenic (organic), Ethylene glycol, Gold, Mercury, Organic solvents (carbon tetrachloride, hydrocarbon volatiles, and kerosene), Pentachlorophenol (PCP), TNT |
Bismuth, Dinitrophenol; Pesticides including: organochlorines (chlordane, DDT, lindane); organophosphates (parathion), Potassium perchlorate |
Arrhythmias |
Carbon monoxide, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Pesticides: carbamates and organophosphates, Cyanide, Dihalomethanes, Methylene chloride, Organic nitrates |
Antimony, Arsenic, Arsine gas, Ethyl bromide, Isopropyl chloride, Lead, Methyl bromide; Organic solvents (including acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, chloroform, dichloroethylene, ethyl chloride, ketones, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethane, trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene and xylene) |
Barium, Cadmium, Cobalt, Lanthanum, Manganese, Nickel, Phosphorous |
Asbestosis |
Asbestos |
|
|
Asthma - allergic |
Acid anhydrides, Acrylates and methacrylates, Amines (ethanolamines, ethylenediamine, paraphenylenediamine), Animal antigens, Captafol, Chlorothalonil, Colophony, Enzymes (amylase, papain, subtilase, egg lysosyme, pepsin, trypsin), Epoxy resins, Fungal antigens, Insect antigens, Isocyanates, Latex, Metal fumes and salts (chromium, cobalt, nickel, platinum, tungsten carbide, vanadium, zinc carbide), Plant pollens, Plastic fumes and dusts (PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene), Organic dusts (wood, grain, beans and fibers) |
Aldehydes (acetaldehyde, acrolein, Diesel engine exhaust, Ozone, formaldehyde and propionaldehyde), Aluminum, Coal dust, Diazonium salts, Ethylene oxide, Hexachlorophene, Persulfate salts, Phenol, Pyrethins/Pyrethoids, Reactive dyes, Sulfathiozole, Tannic acid |
Aziridine, Azocicarbonamide, Senna, Styrene |
Asthma - irritant |
Acids, Ammonia, Chlorine, Cotton dusts, Diesel engine exhaust, Hydrogen sulfide, Nitrogen dioxide, Ozone, Sulfur dioxide |
Chloramine, Hydrazine, Oil fly ash, Organophosphate and n-methyl carbamate pesticides, Osmium tetraoxide, Particulate matter, Phosgene, Tobacco Smoke |
Benzene, Caprolactam, Chloroform, Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), Dimethyl sulfate, Fragrances, Phthalates (dibutyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate), Tetrachloroisophthalonitrile, Toluene |
Autoimmune antibodies, positive ANA |
Silica |
Asbestos, Mercury, Solvents (including benzene, carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene) |
Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Gold, Lithium, Pesticides: (carbamate; chlorpyrifos; organochlorines (chlordane/heptachlor, hexachloro-benzene); phenoxyacetic acids; and pyrethoids), Pentachlorophenol (PCP), Silicone/Parafin breast implants, UV light, Vinyl chloride |
Behavioral problems |
Ethanol, Cocaine, Lead, Mercury, PCBs |
Nicotine |
Pesticides (organophosphates) |
Benign prostatic hypertrophy |
|
|
Bisphenol A, Estrogens/DES |
Berylliosis |
Beryllium |
|
|
Black Lung Disease |
Coal dust |
|
|
Bladder - neurogenic |
|
B-Dimethylaminopropionitrile (DMAPN) |
|
Bladder cancer |
Aromatic amines (4-Aminobiphenyl+, Auramine, B-Naphthalamine+, Benzidine+, MOCA), Benzidine-derived dyes, Chlordimeform (and its metabolite 4-COT), Coal tar+, Nitrobiphenyl, Tobacco smoke, trihalomethanes (disinfection byproducts) |
Arsenic, Benzo(a)pyrene (PAH's)#, Chlornaphazine, Chlorphenol, Ionizing radiation, Methylene dianiline, Organic solvents, o-Toluidines |
Antimony, Asbestos, Chromium, Dichloropropene, Lead, Nitrosamines, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE), Pesticides (organochlorines), Saccharin, TCDD |
Bone cancer/Ewings sarcoma |
Radium+ |
Pesticides |
Benzenes, Beryllium, PAHs, PCBs, Vinyl chloride |
Brain cancer - adult |
Ionizing radiation |
Chromium, Methylene chloride |
Acrylonitrile, Cadmium, Electromagnetic fields, Ethylene oxide, Iron, Lead, , Oil mists, Organic mercurials; Organic solvents: benzene, carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene, and xylene; Pentachlorophenol (PCP), Pesticides (including atrazine, 2,4-D, and hexachlorobenzene), Radiofrequency fields, Vinyl chloride |
Brain cancer - childhood |
Ionizing radiation |
Organic solvents, Pesticides (DDVP, Lindane) |
Aromatic amines, Chlorophenates, Dyes, Electromagnetic fields, N-Nitrosoamines, Pesticides: Carbaryl, Diazinon, and Phenoxyacetic herbicides |
Breast cancer |
Estrogens/DES, Ethanol, Ionizing radiation |
Aromatic amines (B-naphthylamine and benzidine), Ethylene oxide, PAHs, Tobacco smoke |
Acrylamide^, 1,3-butadiene, Dioxins/TCDD, Electromagnetic fields, Hydrazine^; Organic solvents (Benzene,1,2-dibromoethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE) and 1,2,3-trichloropropane); Organochlorine pesticides (DDT/DDE, chlordane, benzene hexachloride, dieldrin, mirex and aldrin); PCBs, Phenoxyacetic herbicides, PhIP, Styrene, Triazine herbicides, Vinyl chloride |
Bronchiolitis obliterans |
Diacetyl, nitrogen oxides |
Acramin-FWN |
Nitrogen oxides |
Bronchitis - acute |
Ammonia, Chlorine, Chromium@, Hydrochloric acid, Mercury vapor |
Beryllium, Manganese, Ozone, Tellurium |
Pesticides - organochlorines and organophosphates, Vanadium |
Bronchitis - chronic |
Ammonia, Aluminum, Coal dust, Cotton dust, Isocyanates, Metals (antimony, iron oxides, vanadium, osmium), Oil mist, Organic dusts (cotton, grain and wood dusts), Particulate matter, Portland cement, Silica, Smoke (tobacco smoke, fire smoke and engine exhaust), Sulfur dioxide |
Grain dust, Organic solvents, PCBs, Phosgene, Welding fumes |
Pesticides |
Brown lung disease (byssinosis) |
Cotton, Flax, Hemp, Jute, and Sisal dust |
|
|
Carcinoid |
|
|
Lead, Organic solvents |
Cardiac congenital malformations |
Ethanol |
Anesthetic gases, Organic solvents [trichloroethylene (TCE)], Tobacco smoke |
Benzene, 1,2-Dichloroethane, Ethylene glycol ethers, Mineral oils; Pesticides (atrazine, organophosphates), Trihalomethanes |
Cardiomyopathy |
Carbon monoxide, Cobalt |
Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead |
Beryllium |
Cataracts |
|
Ethylene oxide, Infrared radiation, Ionizing radiation, Microwaves, Naphthalene |
Chlorophenols, Dioxin, Phosphine |
Cerebral palsy |
Methyl mercury |
|
|
Cervical cancer |
DES, Tobacco smoke |
Organic solvents |
Pesticides, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE). Trichloroethylene (TCE) |
Childhood Leukemias |
Benzene+, Ionizing radiation+ |
Pesticides, Metal dusts; Chlorinated solvents: carbon tetrachloride, and trichloroethylene (TCE) |
Electromagnetic fields, Hazardous air pollutants/Vehicle exhaust, Insecticides (chlordane, dichlorvos, propoxur), Radon |
Chloracne |
Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons including: PBBs, PCBs; Phenoxyacetic herbicides (2,4 -D; 2,4,5-T; diuron, linuron), Organochlorine pesticides (DDT), Polyhalogenated naphthalenes, PCDFs, TCDD |
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) |
|
Choanal atresia |
|
|
Trichloroethylene (TCE) |
Cholangiocarcinoma |
|
Thorium dioxide (Thorostat) |
|
Cholestasis |
Estrogens, Manganese |
Ethylene diamine, Methylene dianiline, Vinylidene chloride |
Paraquat |
Chronic renal disease |
Beryllium, Lead, Cadmium |
1,4-dichlorobenzene, Chromium, Copper, Mercury, Silica, Organotins, Paraquat |
Organic solvents, Phosphine, Silver, Uranium |
Cirrhosis |
Aflatoxins, Ethanol, Carbon tetrachloride, Chloronaphthalenes, PCBs, Tetrachloroethane, TNT |
Arsenic, Halothane, Organic solvents, Trichloroethylene (TCE) |
Formaldehyde, Hydrazines, Pesticides, Selenium, Trichloroethane |
Cognitive impairment (includes impaired learning, impaired memory, and decreased attention span) |
Carbon disulfide, Cocaine, Ethanol, Lead, Methyl mercury, Tobacco smoke/nicotine |
Carbon monoxide, Nitrates, PCBs; Pesticides (carbamates, methyl bromide, organochlorines, organophosphates); Pentachlorophenol (PCP), Toluene |
Aluminum, Arsenic, Cadmium, Dichloropropene, Dieldrin, Dioxins, Manganese, PBDEs; Organic solvents (tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), stryrene, and xylene); Sulfuryl fluoride |
Color vision disturbance |
|
Carbon disulfide, Organic solvents |
Ethyl acetate, Ethanol, Ketones, Organophosphate pesticides, Styrene, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE), Toluene |
Colo-rectal cancer |
|
Acrylonitrile#, Alachlor, Aromatic amines, Ionizing radiation, Organic solvents, trihalomethanes (disinfection byproducts) |
Asbestos, Chlorophenols, Nitrosamines, Organochlorine pesticides (aldrin/dieldrin, DDT/DDE), Phenoxyacetic herbicides (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T), PAHs, PhIP, TCDD, Toluene, Xylene |
Congenital malformation - Cranio- Facial |
Ethanol, toluene |
Ionizing radiation, Methyl mercury, Organic solvents (Ethylene glycol ethers), PCBs |
Cadmium, Carbon disulfide, Cyanazine, Lead, Methylazoxymethanol acetate, Organophosphate pesticides, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) |
Congenital malformations - general |
Ethanol, Ionizing radiation |
Arsenic, Carbon monoxide, Ethylene glycol ethers, Mercury, Organic solvents, Tobacco smoke |
Bisphenol A, Carbon disulfide, Chromates, Pesticides |
Contact dermatitis - Allergic |
Antiseptics, Aromatic amines, Cement, Colophony, Cutting oils, Dyes, Formaldehyde, Fragrances, Glues and bonding agents, Isothiazolins, Lanolins, Latex, Metals, Pesticides, Potassium dichromate, Preservatives, Rubber products, Rhus antigens |
|
|
Contact dermatitis - Irritant |
Aminotriazole, Abrasive dusts, Chromic acid, Cement, Coal tars, Detergents/Soaps, Ethylene oxide, Metal salts, Mild acids/alkalis, Pesticides, Solvents |
|
|
COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
Coal dust, Cotton dust, Tobacco smoke, Vanadium, Wood dust |
Antimony, Cadmium, Chromium, Particulate air pollution, ozone, Silica, Sodium hydroxide |
Ammonia and Chlorine gas, Manganese, Nickel carbonyl, Nitrogen dioxide |
Coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, atherosclerosis |
Arsenic, Carbon disulfide, Lead, Tobacco smoke |
Carbon monoxide, Dinitrotoluene, Trinitrotoluene, Dioxins/TCDD, Particulate air pollution |
Aluminum, Mercury, Organic nitrates, PAHs, Allylamine, B-Aminopropionitrile |
Decreased
Coordination/ |
Acrylamine monomer, Carbon disulfide, Lead, Methyl mercury |
Aluminum, Manganese, Methyl bromide, Organic solvents, Organochlorines (chlordecone) and organophosphate pesticides, Trichloroethylene (TCE) |
Styrene, Toluene |
Decreased I.Q../Mental retardation |
Ethanol, Lead, Methylmercury, Nicotine, PCBs |
|
Cadmium, Fluoride, Organic solvents |
Decreased
vision |
Methanol |
Carbon disulfide, Carbon monoxide, Copper, Methyl bromide, Methyl mercury, n-Hexane |
Carbamates (carbofuran), Methylenedianiline, Organophosphates, Osmium tetraoxide |
Delayed growth |
Ethanol |
Lead, Methyl mercury, PCBs, Toluene |
Manganese, Pentachlorophenol (PCP), Xylene |
Dementia |
|
Aluminum, Carbon monoxide |
|
Dermatomyositis |
|
|
Silica, UV light |
Developmental Delay |
Ethanol, Lead, Methyl mercury, Nicotine/Tobacco smoke, PCBs |
Organic solvents (toluene) |
Organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, diazinon), PBDEs |
Diabetes - Type I |
|
N-3-pyridylmethyl-N'-p-nitrophenyl urea (Vacor) |
Cow's milk proteins, Gluten, Nitrates, Nitrites, Nitrosamines, PCBs |
Diabetes - Type II |
Arsenic |
TCDD |
DDT/DDE, Iron |
Dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia |
|
Carbon disulfide, Dioxins/TCDD, PCBs |
|
Early onset menopause |
|
Tobacco smoke |
Organophosphate pesticides, PAHs |
Endometriosis |
|
|
Chlorodiphenyl ether, Dioxins/TCDD, Ionizing radiation, Methoxychlor, PCBs |
Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome |
|
|
3-(Phenylamino)alanine. |
Erectile dysfunction |
|
Carbon disulfide, B-Dimethylaminopropionitrile (DMAPN) |
Lead, Manganese, Mercury (inorganic), Vinyl chloride, TNT |
Erythema mulitforme |
|
|
Organophosphates |
Esophageal cancer |
Ethanol, Tobacco smoke |
Nitrosamines; Organic solvents [Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)#]; PAHs, Silica |
Chromium, Pesticides |
Fetal solvent syndrome/ Fetal Ethanol Syndrome |
Ethanol, Toluene |
Organic solvents |
Gasoline |
Fetotoxicity (Miscarriage/spontaneous abortion; stillbirth) |
Anesthetic gases, Ethanol, Ethylene glycol ethers, Ionizing radiation, Nicotine/Tobacco smoke, Trihalomethanes (disinfection byproducts) |
Arsenic, Carbon monoxide, DES, Ethylene oxide, Lead, Methyl isocyanate, Mercury; Organic solvents [methylene chloride, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene (TCE), toluenes, xylenes, Carbon disulfide, Chloroform, Formaldehyde, N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)]; Pesticides (dibromochloro-propane (DBCP), fungicides (dithiocarbamates), organochlorines (DDT/DDE), paraquat, triazines) |
Antimony, Chromates, Dioxins/TCDD, Electromagnetic fields, Hydrogen sulfide, Manganese, Nickel, PBDEs, Pentachlorophenol; Pesticides (organic arsenicals, chlordecone, cyanazine, glyphosate, hexachlorobenzene, metam-sodium, phenoxyacetic herbicides, thiocarbamates); TCDD, Vanadium |
Flock workers disease |
|
Nylon fibers |
|
Gallbladder cancer |
|
Thorium dioxide (Thorostat) |
Organochlorine pesticides (benzene hexachloride, DDT) |
Genito-urinary malformations (includes cryptorchidism, hypospadias) |
|
DES |
Arsenic, Cadmium, Estrogens/DES, Pesticides (atrazine, chlordecone, vinclozolin), Phthalates (BBzP, DBP, DEHP); Solvents (ethylene glycol ethers, trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene); TCDD |
Glomerulonephritis |
|
Fluoride, Gold, Lead, Mercury, Organic solvents, Silica |
Carbon disulfide, Hard metal, Paraquat |
Gout |
Lead |
|
|
Granulomatous disease (liver) |
|
Beryllium, Copper |
Cement dust, Mica, Silica |
Gulf War Syndrome |
|
|
Organophosphate pesticides, diethyl-m-toluamine (DEET), pyridostigmine bromide |
Hard metal disease |
Cobalt |
|
|
Hashimoto's (Autoimmune) thyroiditis |
|
DES, Iodine |
Silicone/Parafin breast implants |
Hearing loss |
Carbon disulfide, Mercury, Noise |
Lead, Organic solvents, Organotin |
PBDEs, PCBs, Styrene |
Hepatocellular cancer (Liver cancer) |
Aflatoxin B1+, Androgens, Ethanol, Hydrocarbons |
Arsenical pesticides, Dimethylnitrosamine, PCBs#, Thorium dioxide (Thorostat), Trichloroethylene (TCE)#, Vinyl chloride |
Arsenic, Benzene, p-Dichlorobenzene^, Dichloropropene, 1,4-Dioxane^, Hydrazine^, Nitrosamines, PBBs^; Pesticides: chlordimeform, dibromochloropropane (DBCP), ETU, herbicides (acifluorfen, amitrole, furmecyclox, lactofen), Organochlorines (aldrin, chlordane, DDT/DDE, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorocyclohexanes^, toxaphene), Nitrofen, Oxadiazon, and Phenoxyacetic herbicides; Solvents: carbon tetrachloride^, chloroform^, formalin, methylene chloride^, and tetrachloroethylene (PCE)^; TCDD^, |
Hepatoma |
Estrogens |
|
Hexachlorobenzene, Mirex, MTBE? |
Hepatoportal Sclerosis |
|
Arsenic, Thorium dioxide (Thorostat), Vinyl chloride |
|
Hodgkin's
Disease |
|
Chlorophenols, Phenoxyacetic acid herbicides, TCDD/Dioxins |
Creosote, Ethylene oxide, Organic solvents, Pesticides: organochlorines (aldrin, DDT, lindane), Trichloroethylene (TCE) |
Hormonal
changes |
Ethanol |
2-Bromopropane, Lead; Pesticides: dibromochloropropane (DBCP), organophosphates (ethyl parathion, methamidophos), fungicides (vinclozolin); TCDD/dioxins |
Atrazine, Bisphenol A, DDT, Manganese, Mercury, PBBs/PCBs, Phthalates, Styrene (females), Tobacco smoke, Toluene (males) |
Hyperkeratosis/Hyperpigmentation |
Arsenic |
|
PCBs |
Hypertension |
Carbon disulfide, Lead |
Arsenic, Carbon monoxide |
Cadmium, Phenoxyacetic herbicides, DDT, Methyl mercury, PCBs, TCDD, Vinyl chloride |
Hypoactivity |
|
|
Cadmium, PCBs, Styrene |
Immune suppression |
Ionizing radiation, TCDD, UV light |
Asbestos, Benzo(a)pyrene (PAHs), Lead, Mercury, Methyl isocyanate, Nickel, Nitrogen dioxide, PBBs, PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs; Pesticides: organophosphates (chlorpyrifos); organochlorines (chlordane); carbamates (aldicarb); Phosgene, Pentachlorophenol (PCP) |
Arsenic, Benzene, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Estrogens/DES, Diesel exhaust, Nitrosamines, Ozone; Pesticides: hexachlorobenzene, organotins (tributyl tin oxide, triphenyl tin oxide), phenoxyacetic herbicides (2,4-D); Platinum, Silica; Solvents [carbon tetrachloride, dichloroethane, ethylene glycol ethers, formaldehyde, toluenes, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene (TCE)]; Sulfur dioxide, Titanium dioxide, Urethane, Vinyl chloride |
Itai-itai disease |
Cadmium |
|
|
Laryngeal cancer |
Ethanol, PAHs, Sulfuric acid+, Tobacco smoke |
Diethyl sulfate#, Leather dust, Mustard gas, Nickel, Wood dust |
Acetaldehyde^, Asbestos, Formaldehyde, Pesticides, Petroleum products, Vinyl chloride |
Leukoderma (hypopigmentation) |
Catechols, Creosols, Hydroquinone, Alkyl phenols |
Ethylene oxide |
Carbamate pesticide - Carbyne (Barban) |
Low birth weight/Small for Gestational Age |
Cocaine, Ethanol, Tobacco smoke/Nicotine, Particulate air pollution |
Arsenic, Carbon monoxide, DES, Lead, Mercury, Nicotine, Noise, Organic solvents (toluene), PCBs, Pentachlorophenol, Pesticides (atrazine, cyanazine, DDT/DDE, lindane, metolachlor) |
Carbon tetrachloride, Ethylene oxide, N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), Perfluorinated acid, Phenoxy acetic herbicides (2,4,5-T), TCDD, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE), Trichloroethylene (TCE), Trihalomethanes |
Lung cancer |
Aluminum, Arsenic+ (including arsenical pesticides); Asbestos+, Attapulgite, Benzo(a)pyrene (PAH's)#, Beryllium+, Cadmium+, Chloromethyl ethers+, Chromium+@, Coal tars+, Diesel engine exhaust, Ionizing radiation, Mineral oils+, Mustard gas+, Nickel+, Radon+, Silica+, Soots+, Tobacco smoke, Uranium |
Acid aerosols, Acrylonitrile#, Aromatic amines, Chlorophenols, Coal dust, Copper, Dimethyl sulfate#, Formaldehyde, Solvents, Nitrosamines (NNK); PAHs (Benz(a)anthracene#, Benzo(a)pyrene#, Dibenz(a,h) anthracene#) |
Antimony trioxide^, Benzene, Bromoform, Ceramic fibers^, Cobalt^, Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)^, Dichloropropene, Fluoride, Glasswool^, Hydrazine^, Hydrogen chloride`, Lead^ (inorganic), Methylene chloride^, Nitrobenzene, Nitrosomorpholine, Organochlorine pesticides (chlordane, DDT^), Paraquat, Phenoxyacetic herbicides, Rockwool^, Slagwool^, Styrene^, Talc, TCDD^, Tetrachloro-ethylene (PCE), Trichloroethylene (TCE), Urethane, Vinyl chloride |
Lymphoma - non-Hodgkin's |
Dioxins (TCDD+) |
Aromatic amines, Benzene, 1,3 Butadiene#, Chlorophenols, Creosote, Ionizing radiation; Organic solvents: carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene (TCE)#, tetrachloroethylene (PCE)#; PCBs, Pesticides: Carbamates (Carbaryl), Dicamba, Fungicides (Captan), Organophosphates (dichlorovos, malathion), DDT^, Phenoxyacetic acid herbicides (2,4-D, MCPA, mecoprop) |
Asbestos, MTBE; Pesticides: alachlor, atrazine, glyphosate, organochlorine pesticides (aldrin/dieldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, lindane, toxaphene); UV radiation, Vehicle exhaust |
Macular degeneration |
|
|
UV light, radiation |
Melanoma |
UV radiation |
|
Asbestos, Carbon tetrachloride, Formaldehyde, PAHs, Pesticides |
Menstrual disorders |
Ionizing radiation |
Benzene, 2-Bromopropane, Ethanol, Dioxins/TCDD, Inorganic mercury; Organic solvents: carbon disulfide, formaldehyde, tetrachloro-ethylene (PCE), toluene, and xylene; PCBs; Pesticides: organochlorines (DDT, lindane, chlordecone, toxaphene), hexachlorobenzene; and organophosphates |
Antimony, Bisphenol A, Boron, Cadmium, DDT, Mercury, Petrol, Styrene, Thallium, TNT |
Mesothelioma |
Asbestos+, Erionite |
Ionizing radiation, Zeolite |
Beryllium, Ceramic fibers, Ethylene oxide, Nickel, Silica, Talc |
Metal fume fever |
Magnesium, Zinc oxide |
Copper |
Arsenic, Boron, Cadmium, Manganese, Nickel, Tin, Titanium |
Methemoglobinemia |
Aniline dyes, Chlorate salts, Naphthalene, Nitrates/Nitrites |
Nitrobenzenes, Nitroethane, Nitrotoluenes, Paradichlorobenzene, Toluidine, TNT |
Chromates |
Minamata disease |
Methylmercury |
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Multiple Chemical Sensitivity |
pesticides, solvents, cleaning agents, fragrances, vehicle exhaust |
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Multiple myeloma |
Benzene, Ionizing radiation |
Chlorinated dioxins/TCDD; Pesticides (arsenical pesticides, phenoxyacetic herbicides) |
Asbestos, DDT, Fungicides, Heavy metals, Organic solvents [trichloroethane, trichloroethylene (TCE)], Petroleum products |
Multiple Sclerosis |
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Silicones, Solvents |
Multiple sclerosis |
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Ionizing radiation, Organic solvents, Pesticides (chlordane, organophosphates) |
Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) |
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Organophosphate pesticides |
Metals, Oils/Petrochemicals, Organic solvents, Pesticides (glyphosate) |
Myelodysplastic syndrome |
Benzene, Ionizing radiation |
Alcohol, Organic solvents, Pesticides, Tobacco smoke, Vehicle/diesel exhaust |
Ammonia, Arsenic, Dusts (Asbestos, Silica, Formica), Electromagnetic fields, Metals (Copper, Nickel, Steel, Tin) |
Myocardial ischemia |
Carbon disulfide, Carbon monoxide, Cyanide, Dihalomethanes, Methylene chloride, Organic nitrates, particulate air pollution |
Arsenic |
Mercury, Nickel, Phosphine |
Nasal polyps |
Chromium, Wood dusts |
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Nasal septal perforation |
Chromium |
Arsenic, Beryllium, Copper, Nickel |
Antimony |
Nasopharyngeal/Sino-Nasal cancer |
Chromium, Formaldehyde#, Tobacco Smoke, Leather dust, Nickel+, Wood dust |
Diisopropyl sulfate, Isopropyl oils, PAHs |
Acetaldehyde^, Benzene, Chlorophenols, Dioxane^, Hexamethyl-phosphoramide, Hydrazine^, Mustard gas, Nitrosamines, Pentachlorophenol (PCP); Pesticides: Alachlor, Organochlorines (Acetochlor); Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)^; Ethylene dibromide (EDB), Phenoxyacetic herbicides (2,4,5-T, MCPA); Propylene oxide, Radium |
Nephrotic syndrome |
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Cadmium, Gold, Lead |
Mercury; Organic solvents: carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde, and trichloroethylene (TCE) |
Neural tube defects/CNS malformations |
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Arsenic, Trihalomethanes |
Benzene, Cadmium, Copper, Chlorophenates, Hydrogen cyanide, Manganese; Pesticides (Agent Orange (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T), benomyl, chlordecone); Solvents [chloroform, ethylene glycol ethers, trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene]; Vinyl chloride, Vinylidene chloride |
Neurosthenia (Organic affective syndrome) |
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Organic solvents |
Acrylamide, Arsenic, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, n-Hexanes, Methyl chloride, Toluene |
Olfactory alterations (hyposmia, anosmia, dysomias) |
Acids, Ammonia, Hydrocarbons, Metals, Organic solvents |
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Oral cancer |
Tobacco |
Ethanol, Nitrosamines (NNN and NNK) |
PAHs |
Oral
clefts |
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Alcohol, Tobacco smoke |
Cadmium; Pesticides (Agent Orange (2,4-D; 2,4,5-T), Dinoseb); Solvents [carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloro-ethylene, ethylene glycol ethers, trichloroethylene (TCE)]; TCDD/Dioxins, Trihalomethanes |
Osteomalacia |
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Cadmium+F126+F14 |
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Osteoporosis |
Cadmium |
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Lead |
Osteosclerosis |
Hydrofluoric acid |
Fluoride |
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ovarian atrophy |
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butadiene |
Ovarian cancer |
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Ionizing radiation |
Aromatic amines (dyes), Asbestos, Diesel exhaust, Organic solvents, Pesticides (Triazene herbicides), Talc |
Pancreatic cancer |
Tobacco smoke |
DDT/DDE, Ethylan, Fungicides, Herbicides, Ionizing radiation, Nitrophenol, Organic solvents, PAHs, PCBs, Pentachlorophenol |
Acrylonitrile, Cadmium, Chlorohydrin, Chromium, Ethylene oxide, Nitrosamines (NNK), Nitrofen, Silica; Solvents: carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde, methylene chloride, styrene, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE); Vinyl chloride |
Pancreatitis |
Ethanol |
Ethylene glycol, Methanol, Organophosphates |
Carbon tetrachloride, Cobalt, Diesel exhaust fumes, Pentachlorophenol (PCP), Trichloroethylene (TCE) |
Parkinson's disease/Movement disorders |
Manganese, MPTP |
Carbon disulfide, Carbon monoxide, Pesticides (Paraquat) |
Aluminum, Iron, PCBs; Pesticides: (Diquat, Glyphosate, Rotenone, Maneb, Mancozeb, Organochlorines (dieldrin), Organophosphates, Pyrethoids) |
Peripheral neuropathy |
Acrylamide monomer, Arsenic, Carbon disulfide, Hexacarbons (n-Hexane, methyl n-butyl ketone), Lead, Mercury, Organophosphate pesticides, Pyrethroids (fenvalerate), Thallium |
Cyanide, B-Dimethylaminopropionitrile (DMAPN), Ethylene oxide, Manganese, Nitrous oxide, PCBs, Pesticides: Organochlorines (chlordane, chlordecone, DDT), Phenoxyacetic herbicides (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T), Carbamates (aldicarb), Dithiocarbamates (maneb, zineb), Methyl bromide |
Cadmium, Carbon monoxide, Dioxin, Manganese, Phosphine, Solvents (benzene, methylene chloride, styrene, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene, xylene), Tellurium, Triethyltin |
Photosensitivity |
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Acridine, Aminobenzoic acid derivatives, Benoyml, Chromium@, Coal tars, Halogenated salicylanilides, PAH's, Pesticides, Stibenes |
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Pleural disease (effusions, plaques, thickening) |
Asbestos, Ceramic fibers, Talc |
Mica |
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Pneumoconiosis |
Aluminum oxide, Asbestos, Beryllium, Coal dust, Kaolin, Silica, Talc |
Antimony dust, Bentonite, Graphite, Iron oxides, Metal alloys, Mica, Tin oxide |
Attapulgite, Barium sulfate, Cement, Fluoride , PVC, Wollastonite |
Pneumonia |
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Beryllium, Cadmium, Manganese dust, Mercury vapor, Nickel carbonyl, Nitrogen dioxide, Tellurium |
Isocyanates, Pesticides, Trimellitic anhydride, Vanadium, Zinc chloride |
Pneumonitis - hypersensitivity |
Beryllium, Isocyanates, Epoxy resin, Heavy metals, Organic dusts, Trimellitic anhydride |
Aluminum, Arsenic, Chlorine, Manganese |
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Polymer Fume Fever |
Teflon pyrolysis products - polyvinyl fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene |
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Porphyria - toxic |
Ethanol, Hexachlorobenzene, PAHs, PCBs |
Dioxins (TCDD), Halothane, Lead; Methyl chloride, Organic solvents (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, paints, paint fumes, formaldehyde); Pesticides: organochlorines (chlordane, DDT), organophosphates (diazinon) and phenoxy herbicides (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T); Vinyl chloride |
Aluminum, Disinfectants (o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol and 2-benzyl-4,6-dichlorophenol) |
Pre-eclampsia (pregnancy-induced hypertension) |
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Chloroform, Organic solvents |
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Pre-term delivery |
Tobacco smoke |
DDT/DDE, DES, Lead, Benzene |
Carbon disulfide, Phenoxyacetic herbicides, Phthalates (DEHP/MEHP) |
Prostate cancer |
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Acrylonitrile#, Aromatic amines, Cadmium, Organic solvents, PAHs |
Androgens/Estrogens, Bisphenol A, Chlorophenols, Chromium, Nickel; Pesticides [dibromochloropropane (DBCP), DDT, methyl bromide, phenoxy acetic herbicides]; PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazol[4,5-b]pyridine), Trichloroethylene |
Psychiatric disturbances |
Carbon disulfide, Ethanol, Inorganic Mercury, Tetraethyl lead |
Ethylene oxide, Lead, Manganese, Trichloroethylene (TCE); Pesticides [methyl bromide, DDT, dichloropropene, organophosphates (chlorpyrifos)] |
Acrylamide, Organochlorine pesticides (chlordecone, dicofol, dieldrin, telodrin); Thallium |
Pulmonary disease-anemia syndrome |
Trimellitic anhydride (acid anhydride) |
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Pulmonary edema |
Hydrogen sulfide, Paraquat/diquat, Phosgene |
Ammonia, Beryllium, Ethylene oxide, Hydrogen fluoride, Nitrogen oxides, Mercury vapor, Organophosphates, Nickel, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE), Chloro-Phosphate compounds, Thioureas |
Aluminum, Antimony, Boron, Cadmium, Formaldehyde, Ozone, Phosphine, Polytetrafluoroethylene, Selenium, Zinc chloride |
Pulmonary fibrosis |
Asbestos, Coal dust, Silica |
Beryllium, Chromium, Nickel, Vinyl chloride |
Aluminum, Cadmium, Copper, Fluoride, Gold, Mercury vapor, Ozone, Phosgene |
Raynaud's phenomenon |
Vibration, Vinyl chloride |
Arsenic, Organic nitrates |
Estrogens, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE), Trichloroethylene (TCE) |
Reduced Fertility - Female (infertility and subfertility) |
Ionizing radiation |
Ethylene glycol ethers, Formaldehyde, Lead, Nitrous oxide, Organic solvents [tetrachloroethylene (PCE), toluene]; Tobacco smoke |
Dioxins, Mercury; Organochlorine pesticides (chlordecone, DDT, hexachlorobenzene); PCBs, Pentachlorophenol, Styrene, Vanadium |
Reduced Fertility - Male (infertility and subfertility) |
Carbon disulfide, Estrogens, Ethylene glycol ethers, Heat, Ionizing radiation, Lead; chlordecone, dibromochloropropane (DBCP), ethylene dibromide (EDB) |
Cadmium, Methylene chloride, Radar, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE), Welding fumes |
Chromium, Ethylene oxide, Manganese, Mercury; Organic solvents (dinitrotoluene, epichlorohydrin, toluene diamine); PAHs (benzo(a)pyrene); Pesticides (carbaryl, 2,4-D, DDT/DDE, dinoseb, hexachlorobenzene, lindane) |
Renal (kidney) cancer |
Tobacco smoke |
Arsenic, Asbestos, Benzene, Coal tar/soot/pitch/asphalt/creosote, Copper sulfate, PAHs, Pentachlorophenol, Pesticides, Trichloroethylene (TCE) |
Benzidine, Cadmium, Chlorothalonil, Chromium, Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), p-Dichlorobenzene^, Gasoline^, Inorganic Lead^, Mineral/cutting/ lubricating Oils, MTBE?, Mustard gas, Nickel, Organic solvents (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform^, tetrachloroethylene), Potassium bromate, Vinyl chloride |
Renal stones |
Cadmium |
Beryllium |
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Retinoblastoma |
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Pesticides |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
Silica |
Tobacco smoke |
Estrogens/DES, Pesticides, Solvents |
Rhinitis - Allergic |
a-amylase, Diisocyanates, Guar gum, Latex, Metal salts, Organic dusts, Trimellitic anhydride, Wood dusts |
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Rhinitis - irritant |
Aldehydes, Ammonia, Chlorine, Diesel exhaust, Sulfur dioxide, VOCs |
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Salivary gland cancer |
Ionizing radiation |
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Sarcoidosis |
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Silica |
Aluminum, Barium, Beryllium, Cobalt, Copper, Gold, Titanium, Zirconium |
Scleroderma |
Silica |
Solvents (including: aromatic mixes, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, paint thinners/removers, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene, and xylene); Vinyl chloride |
Estrogens, Epoxy resin, Herbicide, Mercury, Metaphenylenediamine, Naphtha-n-hexane, Silicone breast implants, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) |
Scrotal cancer |
Coal tar+, Shale oils+, PAHs |
Creosotes#, |
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Seizures |
Carbon monoxide, Cyanide, Lead, Methylmercury |
Aluminum, Halogenated hydrocarbons, Pesticides (methyl bromide, organochlorines, organophosphates, phosphine) |
Beryllium, Boron, Hexachlorophene, Organotins, Solvents, Pyrethoids |
Silicosis |
Silica |
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Skeletal malformations |
Ethanol |
Arsenic |
Ethylene glycol ethers, Ethylene oxide, Manganese, Nicotine, Pesticides (atrazine, bromoxynil, chlordecone) |
Skin cancer (non-melanoma) |
Arsenic+, Coal tar+, Ionizing radiation+, Mineral oils+, Shale oils+, UV radiation+ |
Aromatic amines, Creosotes#, Ethylene oxide, Mineral oils; PAHs: anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene#, dibenzanthracene, dimethyl benzanthracene, methychol-anthrene; Pesticides (arsenicals) |
Acrylamide^, Vinyl chloride |
Skin ulceration |
Acids/Alkalis, Arsenic trioxide, Beryllium, Calcium arsenate, Calcium nitrate, Chromium, Lime, Tin, Zinc |
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Soft tissue sarcoma |
Dioxins (TCDD+) |
Chlorophenols^, DDT, Phenoxyacetic acid herbicides^ (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, MCPA) |
Cadmium, Captofol, Chromium, Cobalt, Hexachlorobenzene, Iron, Nickel; Pesticides: amitrole, organochlorines (chlordane, lindane); Titanium |
Spasticity/Myoclonus |
Methyl mercury |
Aluminum, Carbon monoxide, Hexane; Pesticides (methyl bromide, organochlorines and organophosphates) |
Bismuth |
Steatosis (fatty liver) |
Carbon tetrachloride, Chloroform, Ethanol, Phosphorus |
Arsenic, Halothane, Hydrazine, Hydrocarbons; Organic solvents (chloroform, dimethylformamide, tetrachloroethane, trichloroethane, toluene); Styrene, TNT |
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Stomach cancer |
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Asbestos, Aromatic amines, Chromium, Coal dust, Dioxins/TCDD, Ethylene oxide, Ionizing radiation, Nickel, Nitrates, Organic solvents, Phenoxyacetic herbicides |
Butadiene, Lead; Pesticides: amitrole, dibromochloropropane (DBCP)^, dichlorvos, and ethylene dibromide (EDB); Toluene, Xylene |
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) |
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) |
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
Silica |
Estrogens |
Aromatic amines, DES, Hair dyes, Silicones, Tobacco smoke, Trichloroethylene (TCE), UV light |
Testicular atrophy |
DES/Estrogens |
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Boron, Butadiene, Ethanol, 2-Ethoxyethanol, Ethylene glycol ethers; Pesticides [benomyl/carbendazim, chlordecone, dibromochloropropane (DBCP), dinoseb, ethylene dibromide (EDB)]; Phthalates (BBzP, DBP, DEHP), Triphenyltin |
Testicular cancer |
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DES/Estrogens, Pesticides |
Cadmium, Chlorophenols, Dimethyl-formamide^, Electromagnetic fields, Ethylene glycol ethers, MTBE?; Pesticides: dibromochloropropane (DBCP), hexachlorobenzene, methyl bromide, organochlorines (chlordanes), organophosphates phenoxy herbicides (2,4-D, MCPA); PCBs, Trichloroethylene (TCE), Zinc |
Thrombocytopenia |
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Gold, Vinyl chloride |
Pesticides (2,2 dichlorovinyl dimethylphosphate, DDT, dieldrin, pyrethin, lethane, and lindane), Polyurethane, Toluene diisocyanate, Turpentine |
Thrombocytopenic purpura |
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Insecticides, Polyurethane; Wood preservatives (pentachlorophenol, tributyl tin oxide, lindane, permethrin); Solvents (turpentine) |
Thyroid cancer |
Ionizing radiation |
Ethylene thiourea^ (ETU) |
Acrylamide^, Chlorophenols, Nitrosamines, PBDEs; Pesticides: amitrole, ethylene bis-dithio-carbamate fungicides (EBDCs-maneb, mancozeb and zineb), hexachlorobenzene, phenoxyacetic herbicides; TCDD |
Thyroid disorders - Hypothyroidism |
Cobalt, Ionizing radiation, PBBs, PCBs, Radioactive iodine, Substituted phenols, Thiocyanate |
Dioxins, Ethylene thiourea (ETU), Perchlorates, Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) |
Carbon disulfide, Fluoride, Lead, Mercury; Pesticides: carbamates, ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate (EBDCs - maneb, zineb), fungicides, hexachlorobenzene, organochlorine pesticides, organophosphate pesticides; Pentachlorophenol |
Toxic oil syndrome |
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Oleyl-anilide |
Trigeminal neuropathy |
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Dichloroacetylene |
Trichloroethylene (TCE) |
Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease |
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Solvents (including paint thinners/removers and mineral spirits) |
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Uterine cancer |
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Estrogens, Ethylene oxide, Pesticides (DDE, Dieldrin) |
Vaginal cancer |
DES |
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Vasculitis |
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Silica |
Solvents, Pesticides, Welding fumes |
Vinyl chloride disease, Acro-osteolysis |
Vinyl chloride |
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Wilm's Tumor |
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Aromatic amines, Lead, Pesticides |